Verb
Present Perfect Tense
Hi, learners! After a long time I am writing this article. Today you are going to learn use of Present Perfect Tense in Hindi language. I hope you will learn something new.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
AASANN BHOOT KAAL / आसन्न भूत काल
The present perfect tense is a tense of the past. It represents a completed act, the effect of which is still present. It brings a past act into relation with the present. In other words, it denotes an action concluded recently e.g. I have drunk the water/maine paani piya hai / मैंने पानी पिया है or main paani pee chukka/chuki hoon/ मैं पानी पी चुका/चुकी हूँ। ‘Drunk’/पिया/पी चुका/चुकी shows that the action was over in the past. ‘Have’ indicates that it is recent past. So we have to use both past tense and present tense symbols.
1. For more information please see past indefinite tense.
2. Add present tense symbols hoon/ho/hai/hain according to subject.
3. Add hai/है or hain/हैं according to the number of the object.
4. Ne/ने will be added to subject.
5. It shows eaten/drunk/gone/slept/khaya/peeya/gaya/soya/chukka/chuki/chukey/खाया/पीय/गया/चुकी/चुके in the end.
Examples/उदाहरण:
1. Ravi has come here.
Ravi yahan aaya hai/ Ravi yahan aa chukka hai./ रवि यहाँ आया है/ रवि यहाँ आ चुका है।
Aaya/aa chukka /आया/ आ चुका is past tense and hai/है is present tense. Hence it is
present perfect tense. We use hai/है because it stands for 3rd person.
2. Ritu has written an essay.
Ritu ne ek patr likha hai./ रितु ने एक पत्र लिखा है।
3. I have gone there.
Main wahan ja chukka hoon./ मैं वहाँ जा चुका हूँ।
4. He has beaten his younger brother.
Usne apne chote bhai ko peeta hai./उसने अपने छोटे भाई को पीटा है।
5. Mother has prepared Maggie for us.
Mata ji ne humare liye Maggie banayee thee./माता जी ने हमारे लिए मैगी बनायी है।
Vocabulary/शब्दकोष:
To come-aana/आना, to write- likhna/लिखना, to go-jana/जाना, to beat-peetna/पीटना, to prepare- banana/taeyyar karna/बनाना/तैयार करना
Thank you/dhanyavaad/धन्यवाद!
Keep practicing/phir milenge/फिर मिलेंगे!
Past Continuous Tense
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
APOORNA BHOOT KAAL/अपूर्ण भूत काल
The past continuous tense indicates an action that was going on in the past at a particular time. The completion of that action, however, is not known for sure.
Sentences in past continuous tense are formed by adding raha/rahe/rahi/रहा/रहे/रही to the the verb ( as present continuous tense) according to the gender and number of the subject and then by adding the appropriate past tense indicator tha/they/thee/था/थे/थी.
Examples/udaharan/उदाहरण:
1. I was eating the food.
Main khana kha raha tha. / मैं खाना खा रहा था।
2. You were shopping in the shopping mall.
Tum shopping mall main kharidaari kar rahe they./ तुम शॉपिंग मॉल में ख़रीदारी कर रहे थे।
3. Why Rohan was laughing at that time?
Rohan tab kyon hans raha tha? / रोहन तब क्यों हँस रहा था?
4. Cool breeze was blowing slowly.
Thandi hawa dheere dheere chal rahi thee. / ठंडी हवा धीरे धीरे चल रही थी।
5. Sheela was watching a football match yesterday.
Sheela kal football match dekh rahi the. / शीला कल फुटबॉल मैच देख रही थी।
Vocabulary / शब्दकोश
to eat- khana/खाना , to shop-kharidaari karna/ख़रीदारी करना, to laugh- hansna/हँसना, to blow- chalna/behna/चलना/बहना, to watch-dekhna/देखना
Keep practicing!!
Will meet again /Phir milenge / फिर मिलेंगे!!
Months And Seasons Names
Hi learners! As days names are important as months names in Hindi language also important. It shows it’s extensiveness because when we talk with somebody regarding months names, it’s knowledge is very essential. There are two types of calender in India which we use . One is English calender and other one is Hindu calender. Generally people use English calender in daily purpose in India but Hindi calender has different names. so I have gathered information for you guys.
Months names according to English calender
जनवरी
Janvary
January
फरवरी
Farvary
February
मार्च
March
March
अप्रैल
April
April
मई
May
May
जून
June
June
जुलाई
July
July
अगस्त
August
August
सितम्बर
Sitambar
September
अक्तूबर
October
Octubar
नवम्बर
Navambar
November
दिसम्बर
December
December
Months names according to Hindu calender
- Chaitra (चैत्र, चैत)
- Vaishākh (वैशाख, बैसाख)
- Jyaishtha (ज्येष्ठ, जेठ)
- Āshādha (आषाढ, आषाढ़)
- Shrāvana (श्रावण, सावन)
- Bhaadra or, Bhādrapad (भाद्रपद, भादो)
- Āshwin (आश्विन)
- Kārtik (कार्तिक)
- Agrahayana or, Mārgashīrsha (मार्गशीर्ष, अगहन)
- Paush (पौष)
- Māgh (माघ)
- Phālgun(फाल्गुन)
Indian is a country of various seasons. There are four seasons in a year like spring, summer, autumn and winter. here I am going to show you the list of seasons wise months
|
Spring/basant/बसंत |
March |
April |
May |
|
Summer/garmi/गर्मी |
June |
July |
August |
|
Autumn/patjhad/पतझड़ |
September |
October |
November |
|
Winter/sardi/सर्दी |
December |
January |
February |
Keep practicing!!
Will meet again/Phir milenge/फिर मिलेंगे।
Past Indefinite Tense
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
SAMANYA BHOOT KAAL/सामान्य भूत काल
An action mentioned as done in the past without any definite reference to the time or its condition is said to be in past indefinite tense. e.g. I went, I watched, I won gaya/dekha/jeeta. These are the form of simple past tense.
- If the verb ends in silent with a/अ, lengthen it to aa/आ, to from masculine singular, and change it into ae/ए for masculine plural. In feminine singular it becomes ee/ई and in plural een/ईं (dikha/dikhey/dikhi/dikhin/दिखा/दिखे/दिखी/दिखीं).
- If the verb ends in aa/o/आ/ओ, ya/या is added (gaya/khaya/गया/खाया) which becomes ye/ये in masculine plural yee/यी in feminine singular and yeen/यीं in feminine plural. But where the use of ya/या is optional, it may be avoided using only the vowel form. Hence khaaye,khayee, khaayeen/खाए/खाई/खाईं are preferred instead of khaaye/khayee/khayeen/खाये/खायी/खायीं
|
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
||
|
Verb /Action |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
|
Read/padh/पढ़ |
read/padha/पढ़ा |
read/padhey/पढ़े |
read/padhi/पढ़ी |
read/padheen/पढ़ीं |
|
Watch/dekh/देख |
watched/dekha/देखा |
watched/dekhe/देखे |
watched/dekhi/देखी |
watched/dekheen/देखीं |
|
Run/daud/दौड़ |
ran/dauda/दौड़ा |
ran/daudey/दौड़े |
ran/daudi/दौड़ी |
ran/daudeen/दौड़ीं |
|
Laugh/hans/हँस |
laughed/hansa/हँसा |
laughed/hansey/हँसे |
laughed/hansee/हँसी |
laughed/hanseen/हँसीं |
Examples:
1. I went to the home yesterday.
Main kal ghar gaya tha./मैं कल घर गया था।
2. I read a story book.
Maine kahaniyon ki ek kitaab padhi./मैंने कहानियों की एक किताब पढ़ी।
3. Suddenly the train left the station.
Achanak railgaadi ne station chod diya./अचानक रेलगाड़ी ने स्टेशन छोड़ दिया।
4. When did you return from the village.
Tum gaaon se kab lautey./तुम गाँओ से कब लौटे।
5. I went to market to purchase some clothes.
Main kal kapde khareedney ke liye baajar gaya tha./ मैं कल कपड़े खरीदने के लिए बाजार गया था।
6. Radha watched a movie yesterday.
Radha ne kal ek chalchitra dekha./राधा ने कल एक चलचित्र देखा।
7. Last year, Kavita went to Japan.
Pichle saal, kavita japan gayi thi./पिछले साल, कविता जापान गयी थी।
8. Did you have dinner last night?
Kya kal tumne raat ka bhojan kiya tha?/क्या कल तुमने रात का भोजन किया था?
Vocabulary:
went-gaya/गया, read- padha/पढ़ा, left-choda/छोड़ा, returned-lauta/लौटा, watched-dekha/देखा, dinner-raat ka bhojan/रात का भोजन
Present Continuous Tense/Tatkalic Vartmaan Kaal
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE/TATKALIC VARTMAAN KAAL
तात्कालिक वर्तमान काल
When a wok has started and is continuing at present eg. I am going. The process is indicating by using raha/rahe/rahi/रहा/रहे/रही between verb (e.g. aa/आ) and the appropriate tense indicator hoon/ho/hai/hain/हूँ/हो/है/हैं.
- Raha/रहा is used if the subject is masculine singular.
- Rahe/रहे is used if the subject is masculine plural or a respected male.
- Rahi/रही is used if the subject is feminine.
- To donate negative, nahin/नहीं is put before verb.
| Subject | Verb/action | Masculine + ing | Feminine + ing | Present tense |
| Main/मैं | Jaa/जा | raha/रहा | rahi/रही | hoon/हूँ |
| Tum/तुम | jaa/जा | rahe/रहे | rahi/रही | ho/हो |
| Yeh/यह | jaa/जा | raha/रहा | rahi/रही | hai/है |
| Veh/वह | jaa/जा | raha/रहा | rahi/रही | Hai/है |
| Hum/हम | jaa/जा | rahe/रहे | hain/हैं | |
| Aap/आप | jaa/जा | rahe/रहे | rahi/रही | hain/हैं |
| Ye/ये | jaa/जा | rahe/रहे | rahi/रही | hain/हैं |
| Ve/वे | jaa/जा | rahe/रहे | rahi/रही | hain/हैं |
- All masculine plurals have same ending with rahe hain/रही हैं.
- All feminine subjects end with rahi hai/hain/है/हैं .
- All feminine plurals have same ending with hain/हैं.
Translation of sentences :
1. I am going to delhi today.
Main aaj dilli ja raha hoon./मैं आज दिल्ली जा रहा हूँ।
2. What are you eating?
Tum kya kha rahe ho?/तुम क्या खा रहे हो?
3. Why is that boy crying?
Veh baccha kyon ro raha hai?/वह बच्चा क्यो रो रहा है?
4. I am watching TV.
Main tv dekh rahi hoon./मैं टीवी देख रही हूँ।
5. Shivani is eating the food.
Shivani khana kha rahi hai./शिवानी खाना खा रही है।
6. You are not listening to my talk.
Aap meri baatein nahin sun rahi ho./आप मेरी बातें नहीं सुन रही हो।
7. Those devotees are bathing is Ganga.
Ve bhakt ganga main naha rahe hain./वे भक्त गंगा में नहा रहे हैं।
Vocabulary
To go- jana/जाना , to eat – khana/खाना , to cry – rona/रोना, to watch- dekhna/देखना, to listen- sunna/सुनना, to bath- nahana/नहाना .
Use Of ‘Be’ Verb In Present Tense
USE OF ‘BE’ VERB IN PRESENT TENSE (वर्तमानकाल में ‘होना’ क्रिया का प्रयोग)
Singular (एकवचन)
I am Main hoon/ मैं हूँ
You are Tum ho/ तुम हो
He/She/It is Veh/yeh hai/ वह /यह है
Plural (बहुवचन)
We are Hum hain/ हम हैं
You are Aap hain/ आप हैं
These/Those/They are Ye/vo/ve hain/ ये/वो/वे हैं
- All plural have same ending with hain/ हैं.
- To show negative, use nahin/ नहीं. It comes before verb
- Though main/ मैं means I, while talking, a person may use hum/ हम. Particularly writers and people in power tend to use Hum/ हम instead of main / मैं.
- Though aap/ye/ve/ आप/ये/वे are used for plural, however, if they are used to point out to a respectable person, can be used as for singular also.
- Yeh/veh/ यह/वह are can be used as ye/ve/ ये/वे.
Translation of sentences
I am Mohan.
Main Mohan hoon./ मैं मोहन हूँ।
You are Deepa.
Tum Deepa ho./ तुम दीपा हो।
This is an apple.
Yeh ek seb hai./ यह एक सेब है।
Who are you?
Tum kaun ho?/ तुम कौन हो?
Are you Ravi?
Kya tum Ravi ho?/ क्या तुम रवि हो?
We are Indians.
Hum bhartiye hain./ हम भारतीय हैं।
They are Sunita,Monika and Ruchi.
Ve Sunita, Monika aur Ruchi hain./ वे सुनीता, मोनिका और रुची हैं।
That is a table.
Veh ek mej hai./ वह एक मेज है।
How are you all?
Aap sab kaise hain./ आप सब कैसे हैं?
You are a student.
Tum ek chaatra ho./ तुम एक छात्र हो।
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